Paradigm shift in the use of hydraulic traps and vents in household sewerage in Bolivia

Abstract

This paper examines the historical evolution of domestic sanitary sewage systems and their relationship to sanitary engineering in buildings, with emphasis on the evacuation of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The current state of sanitary installations in Bolivia is analysed, identifying deficiencies in the application of the National Regulation of Domestic Sanitary Installations (RNISD 2011), particularly erroneous incorporations of the ventilation system and inadequate use of hydraulic traps. Through an updated bibliographic review (2010–2026) of indexed international articles, current technical standards, and comparisons with systems applied in Latin American, European and North American countries, comparative tables and analyses of single-stack, primary-vented and dual-stack systems are established. The paper concludes with the presentation of two single-pipe system alternatives applicable to Bolivia, and emphasises the importance of incorporating Air Admittance Valves (AAV) and individual vent branches to ensure the integrity of hydraulic traps and indoor air quality in buildings.