Os heróis do judaísmo em 2 Macabeus
Palabras clave:
Judaísmo helenístico, Helenismo, Heróis, 2 MacabeusResumen
Resumo
O presente artigo visa analisar o modo pelo qual o livro de 2 Macabeus apresenta os heróis de seu relato da Revolta dos Macabeus. Apesar de ser uma obra inserida dentro da tradição judaica, fazendo parte inclusive da Septuaginta
–a primeira tradução grega do conjunto de livros sagrados judaicos–, trata- se de um livro que, para além de ter sido escrito originalmente em grego, também carrega dentro de si elementos próprios da cultura helenística. Tais elementos são, no entanto, adaptados à realidade judaica e à ideologia de oposição ao helenismo construída pelo autor de 2 Macabeus, resultando em uma apresentação de heróis que, apesar de terem características próprias dos heróis helenísticos, se diferenciam destes assumindo aspectos próprios da construção da identidade judaica proposta em 2 Macabeus. A fim de destacar esta influência helenística e a particularidade dos heróis de 2 Macabeus, o presente trabalho analisa os principais termos associados ao heroísmo dos personagens do livro, com especial destaque para o uso do adjetivo grego γενναῖος.
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the way in which the book of 2 Maccabees presents the heroes of his account about the Revolt of Maccabees. Although it is a work within the Jewish tradition, included in the Septuagint −the first Greek translation of the set of sacred Jewish books−, it is a book that, in addition to being originally written in Greek, also carries within of itself elements of the Hellenistic culture. These elements are, however, adapted to the Jewish reality and to the ideology of opposition to the Hellenism constructed by the author of 2 Maccabees, resulting in a presentation of heroes who, although having characteristics of the Hellenistic heroes, also differ from these assuming aspects proper to the construction of the Jewish identity proposed in 2 Maccabees. In order to emphasize this Hellenistic influence and the particularity of the heroes of 2 Maccabees, the present paper analyzes the main terms associated with the heroism of the characters of the book, with special emphasis on the use of the Greek adjective γενναῖος.
Descargas
Citas
Bibliografia
Austin, Norman, «Hellenismos», Arion, 20, 1, Boston, Boston University, 2012, pp. 5-36.
Baslez, Marie-Françoise, «The Origin of the Martyrdom Images: From the Books of the Maccabees to the First Christians», The Books of the Maccabees: History, Theology, Ideology. Papers of the Second International Conference on the Deuterocanonical Books, Pápa, Hungary, 9-11 June, 2005, ed. G. G. Xeravits - Jószef Zsengellér, Leiden, Brill, 2007, pp. 113-130.
Baumgarten, Albert I., «Greco-Roman Voluntary Associations and Jewish Sects», en Jews in a Graeco-Roman World, ed. M. Goodman, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998, pp. 93-111.
Bergren, Thomas A., «Nehemiah in 2 Maccabees 1:10-2:18», Journal for the Study of Judaism, 28, Leiden, 1997, pp. 249-270.
Cartledge, Paul. «Greeks and “barbarians”», A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, ed. A.-F. Christidis, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 307-313.
Chazan, Robert, The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom, 1000-1500, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Coetzer, Eugene, «Heroes and Villains in 2 Maccabees 8:1-36 – A Rhetorical Analysis», Old Testament Essays, 29, 3, Pretoria, The Old Testament Society of Southern Africa, 2016, pp. 419-433.
Cohen, Gerson D., «Hannah and her Seven Sons», Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Fred Skolnik, Detroit & Jerusalem, Thomson Gale & Keter Publishing House, 2007, volume VII, pp. 1270-1272.
Collins, John J., «Sectarian Counsciousness in the Dead Sea Scrolls», Heavenly Tablets: Interpretation, Identity and Tradition in Ancient Judaism, ed. L. Lidonnici – A. Lieber, Leiden & Boston, Brill, 2007, pp. 177-192.
Doran, Robert, 2 Maccabees: A Critical Commentary, Minneapolis, Fortress Press, 2012.
---, «The Martyr: A Synoptic View of the Mother and her Seven Sons», Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and Paradigms, ed. J. J. Collins – G. W. E. Nickelsburg, Chico, Scholars Press, 1980, pp. 189-221.
---, «The Persecution of Judeans by Antiochus IV: The Significance of “Ancestral Laws”», The “Other” in Second Temple Judaism: Essays in Honor of John J. Collins, ed. D. C. Harlow, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 2011, pp. 423-433.
Dimant, Devorah, «Qumran Sectarian Literature», Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period: Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Qumran Sectarian Writings, Philo, Josephus, ed. M. E. Stone, Assen & Philadelphia, Van Gorcum & Fortress Press, 1984, pp. 483-550.
Evans, Annette H. M., The Development of Jewish Ideas of Angels: Egyptian and Hellenistic connections ca. 600 BCE to ca. 200 CE, Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch University, 2007.
---, «The Hellenistic Connection to Jewish beliefs about Angels», Scriptura, 112, 1, Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch University, 2013, pp. 1-12.
Faber, M. D., Suicide and Greek Tragedy, New York, Sphinx Press, 1970.
Feldman, Louis H., «Hellenizations in Josephus’ Jewish Antiquities: The Portrait of Abraham», Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity, ed. L. H. Feldman
– G. Hata, Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1987, pp. 133-153.
---, «How Much Hellenism in Jewish Palestine?», Hebrew Union College Annual, 57, Jerusalem, Hebrew Union College, 1986, pp. 83-111.
---, «Josephus’ Portrait of Daniel», Henoch, 14, 1992a, pp. 37-96.
---, «Josephus’ Portrait of David», Hebrew Union College Annual, 60, Jerusalem, Hebrew Union College, 1989, pp. 129-174.
---, «Josephus’ Portrait of Moses», Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, 82, 3/4, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992b, pp. 285-328.
---, «Josephus’ Portrait of Moses. Part Two», Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, 83, 1/2, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992c, pp. 7-50.
---, «Josephus’ Portrait of Moses. Part Three», Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, 83, 3/4, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993b, pp. 301-330.
---, Philo’s Portrayal of Moses in the Context of Ancient Judaism, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 2007.
Fernandéz Marcos, Natalio, «Interpretaciones helenísticas del pasado de Israel», Cuadernos de Filología Clásica, 8, Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1975, pp. 157-186.
Gabrielsen, Vincent, «The Chronicle of Lindos (Review)», Classical Review, 55, 1, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 319-322.
Gardner, Gregg, «Jewish Leadership and Hellenistic Civic Benefaction in the Second Century B.C.E.», Journal of Biblical Literature, 126, 2, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature, 2007, pp. 327-343.
Garrison, Elise P., Groaning Tears: Ethical and Dramatic Aspects of Suicide in Greek Tragedy, Leiden, New York, Köln, Brill, 1995.
Habicht, Christian, The Hellenistic Monarchies: Selected Papers, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, 2006.
Hadas, Moses, The Third and Fourth Books of the Maccabees, New York, Harper & Bros, 1953.
Haran, Menahem, «Archives, Libraries, and the Order of the Biblical Books», Journal of the American Near Eastern Society, 22, New York, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1993, pp. 51-61.
Higbie, Carolyn, The Lindian Chronicle and the Greek Creation of their Past, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.
Himmelfarb, Martha, «Judaism and Hellenism in 2 Maccabees», Poetics Today, 19, 1, 1998, pp. 19-40.
Jaeger, Werner, Paidéia: A Formação do Homem Grego, São Paulo, Martins Fontes, 1995.
Johnson, Sara Raup, Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identities: Third Maccabees in its Cultural Context, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 2005.
Jokiranta, Jutta M., «‘Sectarianism’ of the Qumran ‘Sect’: Sociological Notes», Revue de Qumrân, 20, Leuven, Peeters Publishers, 2001, pp. 223-239.
---, «Sociological Approaches to Qumran Sectarianism», The Oxford Handbook of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. T. H. Lim – J. J. Collins, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 200-231.
Jordaan, Pierre J., «Body, Space and Narrative in 2 Macc 1:1-10a», Body, Psyche and Space in Old Testament Apocryphal Literature: A Conference held at the NWU, Potchefstoom Campus in South Africa 14-17 July 2013, ed. P. J. Jordaan – H. Efthimiades-Keith, Freiburg, Basel, Wien: Herder, 2016, pp. 89-103.
Kaplan, Kalman J., Schwartz, Matthew B., A Psychology of Hope: A Biblical Response to Tragedy and Suicide, Grand Rapids & Cambridge, Eerdmans, 2008.
Kosmin, Paul J., «Indigenous Revolts in 2 Maccabees: The Persian Version», Classical Philology, 111, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2016, pp. 32-53.
Lange, Armin, «2 Maccabees 2:13-15: Library or Canon?», The Books of the Maccabees: History, Theology, Ideology. Papers of the Second International Conference on the Deuterocanonical Books, Pápa, Hungary, 9-11 June, 2005, eds. G. G. Xeravits - Jószef Zsengellér, Leiden, Brill, 2007, pp. 155-167.
Meyers, Eric M., «The Challenge of Hellenism for Early Judaism and Christianity», Biblical Archaeologist, 55, 2, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 84-91.
Momigliano, A., «How Roman Emperors became Gods», The American Scholar, 55, 2, Washington, The Phi Beta Kappa Society, 1986, pp. 181-193.
---, «Ioudaïsmos-hellénismos: Essai sur le judaïsme judéen à l’époque hellénistique by Édouard Will; Claude Orrieux (Review)», Classical Philology, 83, 3, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 248-251.
Miller Jr., Patrick D., The Divine Warrior in Early Israel, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature, 2006.
Neufeld, Thomas R. Yoder, ‘Put on the Armour of God’: The Divine Warrior from Isaiah to Ephesians, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.
Nongbri, Brent, «The Motivations of the Maccabees and Judean Rhetoric of Ancestral Tradition», Ancient Judaism in its Hellenistic Context, ed. C. Bakhos, Leiden & Boston, Brill, 2005, pp. 85-111.
Rajak, Tessa, The Jewish Dialogue with Greece and Rome: Studies in Cultural and Social Interaction, Leiden, Boston, Köln, Brill, 2001.
Rosner, Fred, «Suicide in Biblical, Talmudic and Rabbinic Writings», Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, New York, Rabbinical Council of America, 11, 2, 1970, pp. 25-40.
Ruppenthal Neto, Willibaldo, «A imagem de Moisés no judaísmo helenístico», Reflexus, 10, 16, Vitória, Faculdade Unida, 2016a, pp. 375-393.
---, «A imagem de Moisés no mundo helenístico», Revista Jesus Histórico, 9, 17, Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 2016b, pp. 116-132.
---, «Martírio e resistência em 2 Macabeus», Estudos de Religião, 33, 1, São Bernardo do Campo, UMESP, 2019, pp. 231-252.
---, «Violência contra si como sacrifício: o suicídio de Razis em 2 Macabeus 14.37-46», Unitas, 6, 1, Vitória, Faculdade Unida, 2018, pp. 137-147.
Shemesh, Yael, «Suicide in the Bible», Jewish Bible Quarterly, 37, 3, Jerusalem, Jewish Bible Association, 2009, pp. 157-168.
Snell, Bruno, A Cultura Grega e as origens do Pensamento Europeu, São Paulo, Perspectiva, 2005.
Sousa, Luana Neres de, «O ideal de kalokagathia em Xenofonte: uma análise dos excessos», Romanitas – Revista de Estudos Grecolatinos, 2, Vitória, UFES, 2013, pp. 231-245.
Townshend, B., «4 Maccabees», The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, ed. R. H. Charles, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1913, volume II, pp. 653-685.
Van Henten, Jan Willelm, «2 Maccabees as a History of Liberation», Jews and Gentiles in the Holy Land in the Days of the Second Temple, the Mishnah and the Talmud: A collection of articles. Proceedings of the Conference Relations between Jews and Gentiles in the Period of the Second Temple, Mishnah, and the Talmud, held at the University of Haifa, 13-16 November 1995, ed. M. Mor et al. Jerusalem, Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2003, pp. 63-86.
---, Avemarie, Friedrich, Martyrdom and Noble Death: Selected Texts from Graeco-Roman, Jewish and Christian antiquity, London & New York, Routledge, 2002.
---, «Noble Death in Josephus: Just Rhetoric?», Making History: Josephus and Historical Method, ed. Z. Rodgers, Leiden & Boston, Brill, 2007, pp. 195-218.
---, The Maccabean Martyrs as Saviors of the Jewish People: A Study of 2 and 4 Maccabees, Leiden, Brill, 1997.
Warren, James, «Socratic Suicide», Journal of Hellenic Studies, 121, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 91-106.
Weitzman, Steven, Surviving Sacrilege: Cultural Persistance in Jewish Antiquity, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press, 2005.
Will, Édouard, Orrieux, Claude, Ioudaïsmos-hellénismos: Essai sur le judaïsme à l’époque hellénistique, Nancy, Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 1986.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Atribución: Debe dar el crédito apropiado, proporcionar un enlace a la licencia otorgada e indicar si se hicieron cambios. Puede hacerlo de cualquier manera razonable, pero no de forma que sugiera que el licenciante lo respalda a usted o a su uso.
NoComercial - No puede utilizar el material con fines comerciales.
NoDerivados - Si usted mezcla, transforma o construye sobre el material, no puede distribuir el material modificado.
Sin restricciones adicionales - No puede aplicar términos legales o medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otros el derecho de hacer cualquier cosa que nuestra licencia permita.
